1 gram of antimatter explosion radius

1 gram of antimatter explosion radius

As radioisotopes in bananasdecay, they release pairs of electrons and anti-electrons. At least a trillion tons, probably an order of magnitude or so more when you account for noncentral location and dissipation loss. "Kiloton" redirects here. Mathematically, the ratio of the weight of the explosives (W and W) is proportional to the ratio of the cube of range (R and R), i.e. It actually produces one about every one hour and fifteen minutes. Some humans would probably survive this, though. The solar constant of the sun is 1370 watts per square meter and Earth has a, The solar constant of the sun is 1370 watts per square meter and Earth has a cross-sectional surface area of, 2022 Hunga TongaHunga Haapai volcanic eruption, total energy produced worldwide by all nuclear testing and combat, "Tons (Explosives) to Gigajoules Conversion Calculator", "Joules to Megatons Conversion Calculator", Blast effects of external explosions (Section 4.8. which is equivalent to This is becoming more and more obvious as time goes by. The table below should be taken as an example and not as a precise source of data. For more information, please see our 1 gram of antimatter costs $62.5 trillion according to NASA. He also rips off an arm to use as a sword. This bomb was only 50 megatons. Those made at CERN amount to about 1 nanogram. This is one of the more common types of "TNT equivalence" and is the one used on USGS form 9-4040A. c is the speed of light which is 299,792,458 meters per second. Are Neutrons and anti-Neutrons attracted to each other over distance? Where can I find a clear diagram of the SPECK algorithm? Given a pair of explosives, one can produce 2 the shockwave output (this depends on the distance of measuring instruments) but the difference in direct metal cutting ability may be 4 higher for one type of metal and 7 higher for another type of metal. The positrons will meet electrons and produce 0.511 MeV gammas, but the protons meeting antiprotons will initially have a quark annihilate . The damage done to the biosphere here is more due to pressure and heat than radioactivity. 1 megaton is about 4.2x10 15 J. StreamZones.com FineTunedUniverse.com GooToYou.com ICR.org (Article Credit), Big Bang Scientists: Universe Shouldn't Exist. This international scientific institution in Switzerland is home to the Large Hadron Collider, and it regularly exposes the hidden particles that make up our universe. Antimatter is one of the costliest materials in the world. The recipe they use at CERN's Antimatter Factory to achieve this feat is: 1. thanks for the detailed answer! However small scale antimatter weapons are much more affordable, as I mentioned earlier you can create a bullet with a 10 millionth of a gram of antimatter in it for only $600,000. A much smaller amount embedded near the heart could of course kill you but the grenade-sized amount insures fairly well you won't survive--particularly if it is applied all at once directly to the body. Antimatter is just like normal matter, except that some of its properties are opposite that of normal matter. The question you linked is about the different ways to destroy a planet, not about the amount of antimatter needed to perform the 3 tasks in my question. Now we need to know how this works in tons. I have no idea how to get that in an antimatter bomb, because of the fizzle problem noted above. This sounds like a good thing at first, but it just means that antimatter weapons could be seen as more politically acceptable, and therefore more likely to be used in warfare. A positron powered spaceship would be simpler, and less dangerous than say a nuclear powered spaceship which comes with a lot more complications. They did it by creating a magnetic bottle called a Minimum Magnetic Field Trap. You have to give Big Bang scientists credit for their tenacity. Calculating a single RE factor for an explosive is, however, impossible. ", "La Garita Mountains grew from volcanic explosions 35 million years ago", "The thought experiment: What would happen if the supervolcano under Yellowstone erupted? You can think of it as matter's evil twin. So ever since I read a book (Angels and Demons by Dan Brown?) Bananas are made out of potassium-40 which produces positrons as it decays. "It would take us 10 billion years to assemble enough anti-stuff to make the bomb Dan Brown talks . Now, if we were sloppy, we would just pepper the land area of $148,300,000 km^2$, so about 1,236 MIEVs (Multiple Independently Targetable Entry Vehicles) with 100 2kg warheads each would do. If you wanted to blow up the planet you could do so by exploding an antimatter bomb near the Earths core. 3.5 nanograms of antimatter would equal the amount of explosive in an average hand grenade with about an effective 15m blast/shrapnel radius. We could make this happen if we work at it. If you absolutely, positively need to sterilize the surface, you must blast it from orbit. Check out 477 similar physics calculators, Social Media Time Alternatives Calculator. Shock waves This enables engineers to determine the proper masses of different explosives when applying blasting formulas developed specifically for TNT. Could a subterranean river or aquifer generate enough continuous momentum to power a waterwheel for the purpose of producing electricity? The gammas then scatter of air molecules, transferring the energy into heat. Ubuntu won't accept my choice of password. A block in a city? As of now an antimatter bomb, large enough to cause any damage, wont be made because its just so expensive to make. It's also likely the most explosive substance on the planet. For a 10 km dinosaur killer asteroid, 1 kg of antimatter should be sufficient retarget the asteroid -- actually quite a bit less would actually be needed because there are quite a few near earth objects that would need only a tiny orbital deflection to serve the purpose, the largest of these earth crossers, 1866 Sysyphus one of these objects This blast radius calculator helps you determine the distance for detonations, after which there would be no fragments. You could probably reduce your targets from 7 B to a few dozen by targeting, say, the leaders of a few large nations or the microprocessors in their early-warning systems, and let the ensuing nuclear strikes and counter-strikes do the rest. rev2023.5.1.43405. Most of the mass is antiprotons, which can annihilate with protons or neutrons, leading to $e^{\pm}$, $\gamma$, and mesons. ", "Beirut Explosion: What Happened in Lebanon and Everything Else You Need to Know", "Preliminary yield estimation of the 2020 Beirut explosion using video footage from social media", "Seismic Experiments on the North German Explosions, 1946 to 1947", Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society, "Hiroshima and Nagasaki: The Long Term Health Effects", "Kinetic Energy of Tornadoes in the United States", "Frequently Asked Questions Electricity", "Country Comparison:: Electricity consumption", "NOAA FAQ: How much energy does a hurricane release? [11], So, one can state that a nuclear bomb has a yield of 15kt (6.31013J); but an actual explosion of a 15000ton pile of TNT may yield (for example) 81013J due to additional carbon/hydrocarbon oxidation not present with small open-air charges.[10]. Collisions between these photons would have resulted in the production of particlesparticles which would eventually become stars, galaxies, and people. Q3 is very hard to answer you need to completely overwhelm the gravitational pull of earth so only terraforming don't qualify for millions of pieces. Lesser known is its role in studying the anti-particles of the Universe. Under controlled conditions one kilogram of TNT can destroy (or even obliterate) a small vehicle. The energy released by a hurricane per day during condensation. The team can create thousands of antihydrogen atoms in only a second but the trap barely catches any. Counting and finding real solutions of an equation. Interaction with the blast wave can cause severe injuries (see injury severity score calculator) depending on the stand-off distance. Antimatter would do the same. In order to reach the core we would have to send it 4,000 miles down. And based on what we know about this terrifying-sounding substance, the Universe probably shouldn't exist at all. You bet. The total energy output of the Sun per second. Multiplying by the mass of the atmosphere $M_{atm}=5.1*10^{18}$ gives us how much energy it takes to heat the atmosphere by 1 degree Kelvin, $C_v*M_{atm}=3.6567*10^{18}kJ*K^{-1}$. There is such a thing as an antimatter trap. You can maybe kill everyone with less antimatter if you settled for giving everyone cancer instead. Different types of antimatter require different types of traps. This form is part of the U.S. implementation of the Comprehensive Test Ban Treaty and is submitted voluntarily by mines that conduct blasts with over 300 short tons "TNT equivalent" of explosives. Frank Close, a particle physicist at the University of Oxford, points out the time problem, too. This page was last edited on 21 April 2023, at 04:10. Indeed this is a polar-explosion (1 gamma to one side and the other to opposite side). In other words, antimatter planets, antimatter stars or antimatter galaxies could be a thing. We know from the show that they use Deuterium and Anti-Deuterium, so not a "complex" element compared to say, using Uranium and Anti-Uranium. How many thermonuclear bombs needed to make a hole from the surface to the Mantle of a planet that is the same size as planet Earth? At least when you think in other literature, something that could fit in your hand could destroy literally an entire country. The sub-atomic particles of matter have the opposite properties of antimatter. If you have an absurdly large fireball it will tend to spread more upwards (less pressure, longer mean-free path) and send a big plasma cloud up - bad from an electromagnetic pulse, ozone layer and IR energy igniting stuff perspective. And so do we! This worksheet is primarily designed to assist mining companies in determining if they should submit form 9-4040-A to the U.S. Geological Survey. I think this is a very conservative answer in that it is very certain to get the job done. It's exactly the same as matter, except all the electrical charges of its component parts are reversed. This worksheet uses the property of energy called the heat of combustion or heat of explosion and is expressed in units of kilocalories per gram. Sorin Bastea, Laurence E. Fried, Kurt R. Glaesemann, W. Michael Howard, P. Clark Souers, Peter A. Vitello, Cheetah 5.0 User's Manual, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, 2007. Connect and share knowledge within a single location that is structured and easy to search. Collisions between high-energy photons can result in a pair of matter/antimatter particles. Which was the first Sci-Fi story to predict obnoxious "robo calls"? The blast radius is the distance up to which the explosion will have an effect. Given how difficult it is to make antimatter, this is probably the only way could do so using antimatter within the next 100 years. When a bit of matter comes into contact with its evil antimatter twin, they cancel each other out, releasing all the energy stored inside them. Using the convention that 1 kiloton TNT equivalent = 4.1841012 joules (or one trillion calories of energy), one half gram of antimatter reacting with one half gram of ordinary matter (one gram total) results in 21.5 kilotons-equivalent of energy (the same as the atomic bomb dropped on Nagasaki in 1945). So it depends on how much anti-matter you have. The shock wave is usually spherical or hemispherical in shape. A Tsar Bomb? Professor Doser once estimated how muchit would cost to make antimatter in large amounts. The main hurdles are the production and storage of large amounts of antimatter. The ablative engine, which slowly vaporizes itself to produce thrust, could go as high as 5,000 seconds. The NIAC is currently researching antimatter powered spaceships, and according to NASA it looks promising. Site design / logo 2023 Stack Exchange Inc; user contributions licensed under CC BY-SA. Browse other questions tagged, Start here for a quick overview of the site, Detailed answers to any questions you might have, Discuss the workings and policies of this site. I definitely think #1 is overkill in his answer though. Embedded hyperlinks in a thesis or research paper. A kiloton of TNT can be visualized as a cube of TNT 8.46 metres (27.8ft) on a side. [9], But, even on this basis, comparing the actual energy yields of a large nuclear device and an explosion of TNT can be slightly inaccurate. Asking for help, clarification, or responding to other answers. The TNT equivalent appears in various nuclear weapon control treaties, and has been used to characterize the energy released in asteroid impacts. However, the mean free path is so short at ambient pressure that they will react before going far (doing it in the upper atmosphere might produce a much larger and fuzzier fireball). For a fragmenting munition where public access is possible, the TNT explosion radius, DDD, is: This distance is different for the bare explosives. No, the only way to be sure is to be thorough. Shortly after the supposed Big Bang, the universe would have been filled with extremely energetic photons. You might still miss a submarine or two, but without space launch capabilities, zero industrial capacity, and an all-male crew, you're set anyway. The bottle is called a trap because thats what it does, it traps antimatter. The TNT explosion radius becomes: In case of ranges where the public access is denied, the blast radius becomes: Energy from different sources Where can I find a clear diagram of the SPECK algorithm? Con: You need a lotta bombs. It was created by an international team of scientists at CERN. "In the case of a chemical reaction, you're transforming only about a millionth of the mass of the object of the molecule into energy,"Professor Doser says. Therefore, just by doubling the distance, you'll be shielding yourself from significant exposure. But in Star Trek Generations, the Enterprise D is destroyed (or at least the Star Drive Section) in a massive explosion when they lose antimatter containment, and it has 3,000 m of antimatter storage. This gives us an energy of around 3.6x10 23 J. Was Aristarchus the first to propose heliocentrism? The energy output that would be released by a typical, The approximate radiated surface energy released in a magnitude 8, The complete conversion of 1kg of matter into pure energy would yield. One of the scariest things about the antimatter bomb is that the effects of it arent as long lasting as a nuclear bomb. Anti Matter Energy Calculator. Bill Gates couldnt afford more than one millionth of a gram. The total power of aluminized mixtures strictly depends on the condition of explosions. "So this is by far the most energetic process that you can think of.". NASA have actually started planning to use antimatter spaceships to go to space. Learn more about Stack Overflow the company, and our products. For TNT this has been accurately measured as 4686J/g from a large sample of air blast experiments, and theoretically calculated to be 4853J/g. Answer (1 of 6): Let's assume a gram of antihydrogen, which would release about 2 GeV per annihilation. On the subatomic level, this energy is manageable, but if one were to combine a gram of antimatter with a gram of matter, the result is an energy release comparable to the atomic explosion at . This service may include material from Agence France-Presse (AFP), APTN, Reuters, AAP, CNN and the BBC World Service which is copyright and cannot be reproduced. "We want to study it to see why it's not here anymore and why the Universe isn't just empty.". For an explosion of TNT equivalent mass, WWW and scaled distance, ZZZ. Generating points along line with specifying the origin of point generation in QGIS. This wave leads to an abrupt increase in pressure. Indiana Jones level kill you immediately radiation dosage is about 100000 rads, so that's about 290,000 kg of antiprotons spread out evenly. At the moment of the Big Bang, all the energy of the Universe was concentrated and exploded. The relative differences between two explosives with shaped charges will be even greater. Likewise, the antimatter counterpart to a proton is the anti-proton which has the same mass as a proton but with a negative charge. Or would it be similar to a Fat Man Bomb? Instead of wasting 1E28 joules in an antimatter explosion on the surface of Earth, how about a nice 1E20 J bomb set off in a carefully drilled hole inside 10 Hygiea -- wait a few months and let gravity do most of the heavy lifting (or falling in this case) when 10 Hygiea impacts the Earth. And yet, there is very little antimatter in the universeso its been a known problem for many years. "Antimatter appears every single time matter appears," Professor Doser says. But so far, this mysterious anti-stuff remains elusive. Professor Doser actually thinks matter might be the evil half of this equation, with antimatter being the "good guy". It only takes a minute to sign up. Answer (1 of 3): What would happen if we detonated an antimatter bomb on Earth? [2] Annihilation requires and converts exactly equal masses of antimatter and matter by the collision which releases the entire mass-energy of both, which for 1 gram is ~91013 joules. This stops it from making contact with matter. When the Tsar Bomba was tested in Russia it produced such a large fireball that it could be seen from 620 miles away. Antimatter is just like normal matter, except that some of its properties are opposite that of normal matter. Limitations of the TNT equivalent method), "Appendix B8 Factors for Units Listed Alphabetically", "Tons Of Tnt to Calories | Kyle's Converter", "Convert tons of TNT to joules | energy conversion", "Convert tons of TNT to BTU - British Thermal Unit | energy conversion", "Convert tons of TNT to foot pounds | energy conversion", "Tons Of Tnt to Kilowatt-hours | Kyle's Converter", "The Energy in Wildfires: The Western United States", "Local media: Blast at Cairo cathedral kills at least 25", "How do Thunderstorms and Lightning Work? How much antimatter would we need in order to wipe out all humans, eradicate all animals and blow up the Earth? To subscribe to this RSS feed, copy and paste this URL into your RSS reader. The very find dust gets around the problem that a chunk of antimatter in the presence of ordinary matter acts a bit like a chunk of sodium dropped into water. But antimatter is incredibly scarce, and scientists still dont know why. [7][8], An antimatter weapon is a part of the plot of the Dan Brown book Angels & Demons and its film adaptation, where it is used in a plot to blow up the Vatican City.[9][5]. In other words, for each gram of TNT exploded, 4.184kilojoules (or 4,184 joules) of energy are released. "[When] a proton and antiproton annihilate each other, their mass completely disappears," Professor Dosersays. The latter's decay chains include neutrinos, which of course, carry energy away harmlessly. If antimatter makes contact with any ordinary matter it will explode, this includes air. Is it possible to transform energy stored in anti-matter into coherent radiation? (On a much bigger scale to be sure -- it's not a good thing to have around the neighborhood.). Ah yes, the multi-million dollar question. In John Barnes' excellent Thousand Cultures series, the ultimate nasty weapon is the teleportation of antimatter into the atmosphere as a very fine dust spread over a large volume. But that would miss all the boats, planes and submarines crowding their primitive buoyancy based transportation lanes. But say I had 1 Antimatter Electron, and I just opened a container in a room, what would happen? Would one atom of antimatter be lethal if annihilated inside the brain? Just one 10 thousandths of a gram of antimatter could send a spaceship to Mars in only 45 days. This one bullet would be equivalent to 378 grams of TNT, which is more powerful than a modern grenade. I mean like a lot of people I've looked at the "NukeMap" website and gone "Wow, the Tsar Bomb really is pretty destructive", what would the Enterprise-D crashing into a city look like by comparison. [3], The kiloton and megaton of TNT equivalent have traditionally been used to describe the energy output, and hence the destructive power, of a nuclear weapon. The term "TNT equivalence" is a normalization technique for equating properties of an explosive to TNT, the standard. The previous answer covered the bases fairly well for options 1 and 3. 1212 New York Ave., NW, Suite 650 Washington, DC 20005 | Phone: 202-429-9280 | Email: info@ime.org. None. The asteroid belt just happens to contain a 400 km asteroid built to order, 10 Hygiea Plugging in the numbers (assuming a 17 km/sec impact) you get somewhat more than 1E28 joules, a rather significant savings compared the the gravitational potential of the earth, but still a lot of antimatter just to destroy it with a single bomb, roughly 6E10 kg of antimatter. In all honesty you can probably get away with less because the force of the explosion will likely kill many humans. Upon an explosive detonation, a shock wave originates and compresses the air, causing an abrupt increase in pressure. Stack Exchange network consists of 181 Q&A communities including Stack Overflow, the largest, most trusted online community for developers to learn, share their knowledge, and build their careers. Pro: Clean blasts, little of that nasty radioactive slag. "The best explanation that we have found up to now is to say that there's a slight difference in the properties of particles and antiparticles,"Professor Doser says. The OP wanted it all in one bomb, so I told him his bomb must release at least that much energy. 1 gram of TNT = 700 calories = 700*4.1868 joules. ", "Mount St. Helens -- From the 1980 Eruption to 2000, Fact Sheet 036-00", "USGS Earthquake Hazards Program: Energy and Broadband Solution: OFF W COAST OF NORTHERN SUMATRA", Currently deployed U.S. nuclear weapon yields, Complete List of All U.S. Nuclear Weapons, "Energetic output of the 2022 Hunga TongaHunga Ha'apai volcanic eruption from pressure measurements", "The eruption of Krakatoa, August 27, 1883", "Nuclear Weapons: Who Has What at a Glance", "Global nuclear weapons: downsizing but modernizing", Stockholm International Peace Research Institute, "Minimize Harm and Security Risks of Nuclear Energy", "Hurricane FAQ NOAA's Atlantic Oceanographic and Meteorological Laboratory", "Tambora 1815: Just How Big Was The Eruption? Joules. The height of the fireball was over seven times the height of Everest. Antimatter are difficult to create and much less to contain. The RE factor is the relative mass of TNT to which an explosive is equivalent: The greater the RE, the more powerful the explosive. Did you get it? $<< 10^{32}J$ (gravitational binding energy of Earth), We must use an even bigger bomb. Sorry, but I don't know where you can get the text of this book online. To some degree this is just like a normal nuclear explosion of the same yield. (W/W) = (R/R). It's one antiparticle per hour, approximately," Professor Doser says. Now they're back in Kyiv, Baby with bowel obstruction died after hospital's failures, coroner finds, NT Chief Minister apologises to outgoing police commissioner over retirement settlement comments, Nouma is an island paradise but for the next year you're not allowed to swim, Live: Celebrities arrive at the Met Gala for fashion's biggest night, Texas college baseball player accidentally shot during game, Three firefighters rushed to hospital, one critical, after factory fire south of Brisbane, Live: Reserve Bank tipped to leave interest rates on hold for a second month, ASX to open lower. The antimatter bomb is something any country rich enough could potentially make but its so expensive no country has put in the effort. $3.6567*10^{18}kJ*K^{-1} * 200K=7.31310^{20} kJ$. Both antimatter and matter were created after the big bang, and the universe should be made up of 50% matter, and 50% antimatter. This amazing device creates a region of space where the magnetic field gets larger in all directions. Embedded hyperlinks in a thesis or research paper. ", "Beirut Blast: How does yield of 2,750 tonnes of ammonium nitrate compare against Halifax explosion, Hiroshima bombing? Which ability is most related to insanity: Wisdom, Charisma, Constitution, or Intelligence? "If we don't find a difference between matter and antimatter, then that's going to be the only remaining explanation," Professor Doser says. Everyone knows biking is fantastic, but only this Car vs. Bike Calculator turns biking hours into trees! Big Bang scientists have been hoping to find some physics loopholesome tiny difference between matter and antimatterthat would allow more matter than antimatter to be produced shortly after the Big Bang, but so far they have been unsuccessful. In fact you would need 2.5 trillion tons of antimatter. The same technology could theoretically be used to make very small and possibly "fission-free" (very low nuclear fallout) weapons (see pure fusion weapon). The "kiloton (of TNT equivalent)" is a unit of energy equal to 4.184 terajoules (4.1841012J). Which means we shouldnt exist, physicists are still unsure as to why were around. Why is matter-antimatter asymmetry surprising, if asymmetry can be generated by a random walk in which particles go into black holes? There's no way $10^{32} / 10^{17} = 10^{27}$, much less $10^{32} \times 10^{17} = 10^{27}$, no matter where you place any 1.72 multiplicative factor. To create antimatter you just need to create matter. And that means no particles would remain to eventually become people, stars, and galaxies. WAY too much. After a bit of number crunching that means agram of antiprotonantimatter would cost an absurd 5 quadrillion euros. The team is called the ALPHA collaboration. Supposing we had many thousands of antimatter bombs (they can be detonated in many different locations), how much total antimatter would we need in order to wipe out all humans on Earth? I have no idea what you're talking about. Both humans and bananas only produce a tiny amount of antimatter, which is why we havent all been destroyed. There are many ways to calculate "TNT equivalence" and the term is often misused because the property in question and basis for the equivalence are not defined. The energy liberated by one gram of TNT was arbitrarily defined as a matter of convention to be 4184J,[12] which is exactly one kilocalorie. The antihydrogen gets stuck in the area with the weakest magnetic field. What's happening is that the heat produce by the initial reaction with the surface of the chunk of sodium boils the water around it and drastically slows down the reaction. "Perhaps, just under four billion years ago, the Earth could have been hit by asteroids up to 400 kilometers across, forty times bigger than the one that is supposed to have been responsible for the K/T extinctions. Could a subterranean river or aquifer generate enough continuous momentum to power a waterwheel for the purpose of producing electricity? A city entirely? The opposite to Worldbuilding: World Destruction, Improving the copy in the close modal and post notices - 2023 edition, New blog post from our CEO Prashanth: Community is the future of AI. The stand-off distance is: The Hopkinson-Cranz equation is useful for estimating safety distances for explosives. If those are still fairly small numbers, how big would the Enterprise D exploding really be? While I can't provide any numbers to back this up, I have a feeling the answers to Part 2 and Part 3 are going to be the same. We have to double the figure because that's the antimatter mass, and we're converting that mass of antimatter plus an equal mass of matter into energy. All I've ever read is science fiction, and they seem to be wildly wildly different in how dangerous Antimatter actually is. The blast radius follows Hopkinson-Cranz Law which states that identical explosives with the same geometry but different sizes and distances will produce self-similar blast waves in the same atmosphere. religious interview questions and answers sharleen spiteri ashley heath . This worksheet uses the property of energy called the heat of combustion or heat of explosion and is expressed in units of kilocalories per gram. A quarter of a gram of antimatter threatens to unleash the power of 5,000 tons of TNT and destroy everything within a half-mile radius - or so goes the fictional story.

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