ogaden population in kenya
108. It attempted to recruit Kenyan Somali youth . Lochery, Rendering Difference Visible, 617. It was terrible, I became crazy. It was created in 1974 [2] and is bordered by the Ogaden in Ethiopia, the North Eastern Province in Kenya, and the Somali regions of Bakool, Bay, Jubbada Dhexe (Middle Juba), and Jubbada Hoose (Lower Juba) further down east. 77. For the first time it was possible to be counted as Kenyan, and about 600,000 people did so.Footnote50 In one letter to the Daily Nation, the author described himself as belonging to a group of urban detribalized or de-ethnicised Kenyans, growing up in neighbourhoods that are characterized by diversity and jamaa wa mtaa (family of the street): We may be a minority, but we represent the future.Footnote51 Furthermore, smaller ethnic groups tried to gain recognition by the state, which in the case of Nubians, for example, meant being finally accepted as Kenyans.Footnote52, The census count of Somali inhabitants of Kenya was also controversial. In 1884, the British declared that the Ogaden region belonged to Ethiopia, but Kenya refused to recognize this decision. which may lead them to rule in a biased way against women and girls. ), $4,700 (2021 est. ), total petroleum production: 0 bbl/day (2021 est. As a result, this area remained separated from the rest of Kenya and was ruled under emergency regulations. In the 1960s and 1970s, Kenyans pursued higher education in the UK because of colonial ties, but as British immigration rules tightened, the US, the then Soviet Union, and Canada became attractive study destinations. Not only the Kenyan secular system is therefore creating bonds, but also religious education taking place within the country. These developments, however, are overshadowed by the securitization discourse in the Kenyan public sphere. )wind: 10.7% of total installed capacity (2020 est. This may appear to be a gloomy conclusion, but there are some developments that might render the picture in brighter light. [] This [] move tends to preserve gray spaces, activities and populations in permanent temporariness concurrently tolerated and condemned, perpetually waiting to be corrected.Footnote111. Secondly, there are urbanized Somalis whose ancestors settled in the colonial towns. The Portuguese were pushed out in the late 1600s by the combined forces of Oman and Pate, an island off the coast. Weitzberg, We Do Not Have, cautions that also this term implicitly sets Somalis apart from other transnational groups in Kenya (p. 15), for whom nationality is rarely mentioned. 12. Lonsdale, Soil, Work, Civilization, 309. McIntosh, Autochthony and Family, 257. 8. Differences in the identification process can also occur over time. While they have been treated as ambiguous citizens since independence, many think of themselves as Kenyans and at least in the last decade, Somalia, Somaliland and Puntland have not been central points of reference for many. Many Kenyan Somalis are tired of these improvised solutions and want to be treated as any other Kenyan.Footnote47 Furthermore, as the ID is associated with citizenship, lack of ID means that, in the eyes of the majority, those without do not belong.Footnote48. 16. ), fresh water lake(s): Lake Victoria (shared with Tanzania and Uganda) - 62,940 sq kmsalt water lake(s): Lake Turkana (shared with Ethiopia) - 6,400 sq km, Atlantic Ocean drainage: (Mediterranean Sea) Nile (3,254,853 sq km), population heavily concentrated in the west along the shore of Lake Victoria; other areas of high density include the capital of Nairobi, and in the southeast along the Indian Ocean coast as shown in this population distribution map, recurring drought; flooding during rainy seasons, volcanism: limited volcanic activity; the Barrier (1,032 m) last erupted in 1921; South Island is the only other historically active volcano, the Kenyan Highlands comprise one of the most successful agricultural production regions in Africa; glaciers are found on Mount Kenya, Africa's second highest peak; unique physiography supports abundant and varied wildlife of scientific and economic value; Lake Victoria, the world's largest tropical lake and the second largest fresh water lake, is shared among three countries: Kenya, Tanzania, and Uganda, Kikuyu 17.1%, Luhya 14.3%, Kalenjin 13.4%, Luo 10.7%, Kamba 9.8%, Somali 5.8%, Kisii 5.7%, Mijikenda 5.2%, Meru 4.2%, Maasai 2.5%, Turkana 2.1%,non-Kenyan 1%, other 8.2% (2019 est. In this paper, I show that the position of Somalis as ambiguous citizens is not new, but goes back at least to the independence era, if not earlier. 1. Lochery, Rendering Difference Visible, 624; Anderson, Remembering Wagalla, 662. 28. Ceuppens and Geschiere, Autochthony: Local Or Global.. )5.4% (2020 est. The biggest group of Somalis moving to the cities were therefore not refugees, but Kenyan Somalis whose migration resulted partly from the changing structures in the northeastern region. The 2009 census was accompanied by plans for the devolution of power and resources, strengthening the importance of the local. According to Human Rights Watch in 2008, the Ogaden is the largest Darod clan in Ethiopia's Somali Region, and may account for 40 to 50 percent of the Somali population in Ethiopia. The term Somali is used as an umbrella term, applied to a very heterogeneous population. ), degree of risk: very high (2023)food or waterborne diseases: bacterial and protozoal diarrhea, hepatitis A, and typhoid fevervectorborne diseases: malaria, dengue fever, and Rift Valley feverwater contact diseases: schistosomiasisanimal contact diseases: rabies, total: 1.68 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est. When the results were published in September 2010, Kenyan Somalis were, as in 1999, the strongest growing group. In a similar vein, Somalis emphasize their cultural belonging to Kenya when presenting themselves as citizens. Formula Narratives and the Making of Social Stratification and Inequality, The Ogaden and the Fragility of Somali Segmentary Nationalism, Killing a Mosquito with a Hammer: Al-Shabaab Violence and State Security Responses in Kenya, Between a Protracted and a Crisis Situation: Policy Responses to Somali Refugees in Kenya, Rendering Difference Visible: The Kenyan State and its Somali Citizens, Soil, Work, Civilisation, and Citizenship in Kenya, Autochthony and Family: The Politics of Kinship in White Kenyan Bids to Belong. The main part of the data, consisting of open and structured interviews (such as social network interviews) as well as participant observation, was collected in several periods of extended field research since 2010 mainly in urban Somali neighbourhoods, Somali shopping centres, and Islamic institutions. Wiesmann, Kiteme and Mwangi, Socio-Economic Atlas, 122128. The only exception from this pattern in Nakuru was a Muslim youth group in which Amina was participating: its all-Somali members, who had met in school, came from Somalia as well as from Kenya (and here from the urban areas as well as from the northeastern part of the country). These gray spaces develop through the interaction of different actors, many of them non-Somali Kenyan politicians, but as well Somali elites, who use their position to shake off competitors. Interview with Tusmo, Mombasa, August 2017. )$234.438 billion (2019 est. In the colonial classification, urbanized alien Somalis neither counted as European, nor as truly Asian or as clearly African, but as something in between, not fitting the categories. 11 Mainly . )note: data represents median age at first birth among women 25-49, 530 deaths/100,000 live births (2020 est. 39. For example, R. Warah, Census data on Kenyan Asians raises more questions than answers, Daily Nation, 5 September 2010, http://www.nation.co.ke/oped/Opinion/Census-data-on-Kenyan-Asians-raises-more-questions-than-answers-/440808-1004396-v1yqaw/index.html; See also Jerven, Poor Numbers, 73. The latter is often connected to a nomadic lifestyle, which tends to ignore national borders,Footnote89 adding to the perception of disloyality to the soil. This paper deals with the first two categories, Kenyan Somalis who have a well-founded claim to Kenyan citizenship. This figure, however, seems too low. the report brings us up to date on a 20 year-old insurgency waged by some Ogadeeni members of the larger ethnic Somali population in parts of the Ogaden region, which stretches across south-eastern Ethiopia and the borders of Kenya and the Somali territories. Differences in the way Kenyan Somalis respond to the alternating incorporation into and alienation from society can be found within the very same family. ), production: 0 cubic meters (2021 est. The Somalis who live in North Eastern Province of Greater Somalia in the present day Kenya are close to three million (3,000,000) in the 2019 Kenya National Census with another 400,000 Somalia refugees in several Kenya refugee camps. See also Menkhaus, Conflict Assessment, 94 and 110. This relevance is reflected in arguments about the census, taken every 10 years. 40. Those elected in 2013 included a considerable number of Kenyan Somalis, some assuming important positions in parliament and government. 88. After a series of attacks on Kenyan soil carried out by the militant Somalian movement al-Shabaab, its Kenyan affiliate al-Hijra or actors claiming proximity to these groups, the Kenyan security apparatus reacted with heavy-handed measures, especially targeting ethnic Somalis living in Kenya.Footnote66 Kenyas Operation Linda Nchi (Protect the country) in October 2011, intended to push back al-Shabaab fighters from southern Somalia,Footnote67 was followed by a series of retaliatory attacks by al-Shabaab, often carried out in areas inhabited by ethnic Somalis. ), 20.3 years (2014 est. The constitution of 2010 not only stressed the idea of political inclusion of all citizens and groups, but also resulted, for instance, in a new Citizenship and Integration Act (2011), which provided among others for dual citizenship. 19. Kenyan Somalis seem to be ambiguous in both of them. In such families, members can often understand Somali, but do not speak it properly. On the massacre see also TJRC, Final Report 2A, 221367, and Sheikh, Blood on the Runway. Carrier and Kochore, Navigating Ethnicity, 144. Register a free Taylor & Francis Online account today to boost your research and gain these benefits: Ambiguous citizens: Kenyan Somalis and the question of belonging, Max Planck Institute for Social Anthropology, Department Integration and Conflict, Halle (Saale), Germany, Accidental Citizens: Etherealizing Securitized Identities of Somalis in Kenya; Contesting Representation, Identity and Belonging, Marginal Actors? These social networks, therefore, not only separate Kenyan Somalis from fellow Kenyans, but also from Somalians. The ambiguousness of citizenship for Kenyan Somalis was complicated further in the 1990s, with the increasing number of Somalian refugees in Kenya.Footnote29 While this number officially includes only those registered as refugees, many more Somalians live outside the camps in the northeastern region as well as in Kenyan urban centres.Footnote30 From the early 1990s onwards, anti-refugee sentiments were aimed at Somalians. This paper is based on research into the interlinkages of different groups of ethnic Somalis in Kenyan urban centres, using the example of Nakuru, the fourth biggest city of Kenya (and to some extent Nairobi and Mombasa). 13. )on alcohol and tobacco: 4.1% of household expenditures (2018 est. M. Otsialo, Kenya-Somalia fence to keep away unwanted elements, says Mandera governor Ali Roba. Daily Nation, 2 December 2016. http://www.nation.co.ke/counties/mandera/Kenya-Somalia-border-fence/1183298-3472166-hyn3f6z/. See for instance, Soysal, Limits of Citizenship; Al-Sharmani and Horst, Marginal Actors?. . )permanent pasture: 37.4% (2018 est. )female: 2.7% (2020 est. 52. The Ogaden (Somali: Ogaadeen, Arabic: ) is a Somali clan, and one of the largest Darod subclans. ), number of registered air carriers: 25 (2020)inventory of registered aircraft operated by air carriers: 188annual passenger traffic on registered air carriers: 5,935,831 (2018)annual freight traffic on registered air carriers: 294.97 million (2018) mt-km, total: 16over 3,047 m: 52,438 to 3,047 m: 21,524 to 2,437 m: 2914 to 1,523 m: 6under 914 m: 1 (2021), total: 1811,524 to 2,437 m: 14914 to 1,523 m: 107under 914 m: 60 (2021), 4 km oil, 1,432 km refined products (2018), total: 3,819 km (2018)standard gauge: 485 km (2018) 1.435-m gaugenarrow gauge: 3,334 km (2018) 1.000-m gauge, total: 161,452 km (2018)paved: 14,420 km (2017) (8,500 km highways, 1,872 urban roads, and 4,048 rural roads)unpaved: 147,032 km (2017), (2011) none specifically; the only significant inland waterway is the part of Lake Victoria within the boundaries of Kenya; Kisumu is the main port and has ferry connections to Uganda and Tanzania, total: 25by type: oil tanker 3, other 22 (2022), major seaport(s): Kisumu, MombasaLNG terminal(s) (import): Mombasa, Kenya Defense Forces (KDF): Kenya Army, Kenya Navy, Kenya Air Force (2023)note 1: the National Police Service maintains internal security and reports to the Ministry of Interior and Coordination of National Government; it includes a paramilitary General Service Unit and Rapid Deployment Unitnote 2: the Kenya Coast Guard Service (established 2018) is under the Ministry of Interior but led by a military officer and comprised of personnel from the military, as well as the National Police Service, intelligence services, and other government agencies, 1.2% of GDP (2021 est. )from coal and metallurgical coke: 1.25 million metric tonnes of CO2 (2019 est. agriculture: 34.5% (2017 est. Hassan mentioned Islam as the main element linking ethnic Somalis from Kenya and Somalia.